Bengaluru: India has taken centre-stage in clinical trials for HIV/AIDS drug as there are several ongoing clinical trials in India focused on advancing HIV treatment. These trials are investigating new drug candidates, therapies, and approaches to manage HIV more effectively and potentially cure it.
For example, some trials are exploring latency-reversing agents like N-803 (nogapendekin alfa), which aims to target and reduce HIV persistence, a significant barrier to eradicating the virus. There is an emphasis on improving adherence to antiretroviral therapies (ART), with new formulations and long-acting injectables being tested for better efficacy and patient convenience. These trials are crucial in refining treatment strategies and improving outcomes for individuals living with HIV in India and globally, said Dr Swati Rajagopal, consultant – infectious disease & travel medicine, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru.
Our country has expanded early infant diagnosis (EID) programmes and introduced point-of-care tools to detect HIV, particularly in newborns, though rural access remains a challenge. Efforts towards UNAIDS 95-95-95 goals for 2030 show progress, with 79% of HIV-positive individuals aware of their status and 71% on antiretroviral therapy. Long-acting injectable ARTs offer improved adherence but are still emerging. Prevention programs focusing on vulnerable populations, including women and rural communities, have reduced overall HIV incidence. However, rising infections in different states highlight the need for localized strategies and further public awareness campaigns, she added.
Even as progress in addressing HIV/AIDS is there, yet challenges remain in India. Approximately 2.35 million people are living with HIV, with an adult prevalence rate of 0.22%. Women, accounting for 44% of HIV-positive adults, along with rural populations and youth, remain vulnerable due to limited access to prevention and education. States like Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh have reported rising infections, while others show decline. Since 1997, new HIV cases have dropped by 86%. Challenges include limited rural healthcare infrastructure and gaps in early infant diagnosis, Dr. Swati Rajagopal told Pharmabiz in an email.
The World AIDS Day is observed on December 1, with the theme ‘Take the rights path’, yet the disease continues to challenge societies. But through awareness, prevention, and equity we can turn the tide, she said.
With the 71% of diagnosed individuals on antiretroviral therapy and about 79% of HIV-positive people being aware are crucial steps toward achieving viral suppression. But challenges persist in expanding testing and treatment access, especially in rural areas. These are late diagnosis, which reduces treatment effectiveness, and stigma that deters individuals from seeking care. Limited healthcare infrastructure and fragmented supply chains disrupt access to antiretroviral therapy. Long-term adherence to ART is hindered by side effects, lack of education, and socioeconomic factors. Marginalized groups, such as LGBTQ+ communities and sex workers, face additional barriers. Co-infections like tuberculosis further complicate care. Comprehensive strategies are vital for progress, she said.
Despite progress in awareness and treatment HIV/AIDS continues to carry a significant stigma in India. Social stigma surrounding the condition often prevents individuals from seeking testing and treatment, particularly in rural areas where there is a lack of awareness and understanding. Many people living with HIV (PLHIV) face discrimination, not only in healthcare settings but also in their communities and families. Efforts to reduce stigma have been part of India’s broader HIV/AIDS strategy, but continued education, advocacy, and support programs are essential for breaking down these barriers, said Dr Swati Rajagopal.
